Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a routinely used analytical technique for the qualitative and quantitative determina­tion of major and minor atomic elements in a wide variety of sample types. The heart of its versatility stems from the ability to provide rapid, non-destructive, multi-element analyses—from low parts-per-million (ppm) levels to high weight percent (wt%) concentrations—for elements from sodium (¹¹Na) to uranium (⁹²U).

X-ray Transmission (XRT) on-line process analyzers are routinely employed to classify crude oil and marine bunker fuels that contain 0.02-6 wt% sulfur (S). In this method, sulfur absorbs X-rays transmitted between an X-ray source and detector. The technique is well suited to the high pressures and extreme temperatures employed in transmission pipelines and blending operations.